Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in a Young Sudanese Female

Abstract

Background:

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a potentially reversible neurovascular disorder first described in 1996. It is characterized by clinical symptoms such as seizures, headaches, altered consciousness, and visual disturbances, accompanied by radiological findings of vasogenic edema, primarily in the parieto-occipital regions.

Although the exact pathogenesis remains unclear, the prevailing theories involve failure of cerebral autoregulation due to hypertension or endothelial dysfunction, leading to breakdown of the blood-brain barrier [1]. The syndrome is associated with several precipitating factors, including uncontrolled hypertension, autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), renal failure, and exposure to immunosuppressive medications. Early recognition of PRES is critical, as delayed intervention can lead to permanent neurological damage or death. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical presentation and characteristic neuroimaging findings [2].